Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essays

Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Essays Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay Irish Child And Adolescent Mental Health Services Social Work Essay however, other than states that a large number of these will remain untreated on the grounds that/because of the insufficiency of administrations ( Share and Lalor,2009 ) . Many working gatherings and studies have been improved or executed since the 2001 Mental Health Act, including the child and Mental Health Service Report 2009-1010, a Vision for modification 2006, the specializer Child and Adolescent Mental Health Advisory Group 2009, emotional wellness Commission 2002, and the Mental Health Expert Advisory Group. A Vision for Change directly in its fifth twelvemonth was propelled by Mary Harney the so T A ; aacute ; naiste and Minster for Health and Children in 2006, before the downturn or ongoing specialists emergency. This vision was so received as the conventional national arrangement for the stipulation of mental wellbeing administrations and was supported by patients advocators for patients and the psychological health proficient network. This vision was to propel an individual focused recuperation orientated and all encompassing assault to mental unwellness and that the program was to be financed from the offer of prior mental health lands and belongingss ( HSE, 2010 ) , including the deal and shutting of 15 Victorian hospitals guaranteed by John Moloney during his announcement to the House of the Oireachtas on 23 March 2010. Despite the fact that it is far to other than include that he did non print a clasp line or spending program. The Child and emotional well-being administration ( CAMHS ) have obligation for the advancement of mental wellbeing administrations for children and youths up until a more youthful adult arrives at 18 mature ages old enough There object is the improvement of 90 nine multi-disciplinary CAMHS crews, of which 50 five are as of now in topographic point, fifty network crews, to twenty-four hours medical clinic crews and three pediatric hospital issue crews in add-on to different proposals. With so much help being accessible to sort out and actualize so may gatherings and studies improvement ought to be gigantic. Representative John Moloney the so Minister of State during his announcement to the House of the Oireachtas on 23 March 2010, is recorded as saying that 70 percent of mental health inconveniences start in the child and youthful mature ages, and that in spite of the monetary down curve that progression is being kept up comparable to mental wellbeing administrations an outline of these improvements was the multiplying of accessible inpatient beds from the base figure of 15 to the gigantic figure of 30 detainee beds, to cover the full populace of 20 six areas in a state where the populace blending to the 2006 figures from the cardinal measurements office was recorded as being 4,239,848 of which 864,449 were matured among nothing and 14 ( Central Statistics Office, 2010 ) . The disappointment of mental wellbeing administrations accessible to Children and youngsters has been featured in late mature ages with paper title texts foregrounding the utilization of adult mental wards being utilized to suit kids each piece youthful as 14. Fitting to papers, for example, the Belfast Telegraph on 7 October 2010 more than one 100 young people suffering mental unwellness were admitted to grown-up mental units during 2010. The graduated table of the activity rose after four young people over two or three twenty-four hours time span were admitted to the equivalent mental wellbeing administration unit at Waterford territorial clinic. It was noticed that of the 100 young people forty three were under 17 mature ages old enough and the remaining 50 seven were under 18. It was lucky that at the clasp this dishes happened the revision to the psychological health laws had non come into power, and was non viewed as a penetrate of mental wellbeing statutes, from December 2010 the age headed for forestalling inductions to grown-ups units was expanded to seventeen and this is expected to be raised again from 1 December 2011 to eighteen. ( Belfast Telegraph,2010 ) . Notwithstanding these Numbers 2010 truly indicated a reducing in children and youngsters being admitted to grown-up units, fitting to Amnesty International, in 2009 two 100 individuals were admitted to grown-up units and in 2008 this figure was two 100 and 40 seven. The figure of Children and fledglings being admitted to grown-up units might be reducing yet the existent figure truly being confessed to prisoners units keeps on lifting, during the initial nine months of 2010, sixty three percent of youthful individual s being treated for mental wellbeing conditions were admitted to youngster and pre-adult units an expansion of 19 percent on the 2009 figures. This blending to the Department of Health and Children is relied upon to proceed to increment with the hole of the two new 20 bed units in both Cork and Galway ( area of Health and Children.2010 ) . Before the execution of the Vision of Change the age cut off age among children and adult administrations was 16 mature ages. These in creases happened regardless of the purposed move off from the hospital based hypothetical record and towards more consideration in the network and inside the customers ain spot ( HSE, 2010 ) . Enhancements regardless of all things considered least are still improvements, from little oak seeds turn all-powerful oaks. The HSE distributed its second one-year concentrate on Child and Mental Health Services on 23 November 2010, This investigation features that inside the twelvemonth 1 October 2009 and 30 September 2010 7651 new occurrences were seen by the CAMHS crews and of these new cases 47 percent were seen inside one month and 69 percent inside a quarter of a year of the underlying referral ( HSE,2010 ) . This investigation expresses that holding up records have diminished by 9.5 percent stand foring a decreasing of 247 people contrasted with the examination other than recognizes that in spite of this reducing 2370 children fledglings despite everything anticipate assignments. These 2370 youthful adults all with family units, guardians, purposes for living, kin, rises to, educators all holding up a task all perchance influenced by conduct occupations or some likeness there of, all by implication anticipating that guide should some review, and all trusting for a positive outcomes. These youthful adults anticipate assignments in spite of the way that the UN Convention on the Rights of the child expresses that Governments and significant subordinate natural structures of territory have an obligation to find a way to ensure that kids s rights are regarded, secured and satisfied ( ACAMH,2008 ) .. The specific figure of these that could be considered at danger regardless of the reasons for the 2001 Mental Health Act stay obscure. Regardless of clearly little improvements or what the HSE see as a wide extent of network based administrations, for example, outpatient facilities, medium care groups places, private units and intense permissions wards and so forth , ( HSE,2010 ) . Orla Barry director of the Mental Health Commission expresses that cuts in staffing, buildings unfit for use/reason, subsidizing reductions, insufficiency of similarity with fundamental models and with no significant projects to drive change that the HSE is non introducing on its guarantees ( Amnesty International,2010 ) . Orla Barry other than states that psychological wellbeing dispensing is at its least degree in present day history and that over portion of the staff cuts in 2010 were from mental health which spoke to nine percent of the Health administration Executive work power ( Healthrisk,2010 ) . Dr Teresa Carey, Inspector of Mental Health Facilities other than paints a curbed position of the psychological wellbeing framework and territories that cardinal to the bringing of viable mental wellbeing administrations is the capacity to collect, examine and oversee data, yet portrays the data capablenesss of the Irish mental health administration as crude which has further reasonings for the apportioning of assets and make up ones disapproving of staffing degrees ( SIPTU NURSING, 2006 ) This paper will reason that in spite of recorded improvements to the psychological health Servicess or the great motivations behind all the investigations and working gatherings. Designs are solitary purposes, all the more clearly should be done, for the individuals who simply by age altogether regardless of the psychological health work they are sing, are one of the most powerless areas of society and can't suggest for themselves. A holding up list paying little mind to measure is as yet a holding up list. These juvenile adults can be sing various evaluations of mental harm from gloom to view self as damage, and the interest for advancement can just be implemented, with the Child and psychological well-being administration ( CAMHS ) truly saying that great outcomes are in all probability if the child or fledgling and their family or carer have course to opportunely all around facilitated guidance, examination and grounds based intercession ( HSE,2010 ) .

Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity Free Essays

All through the State of Florida, various educational committees have been endeavoring to normalize the attire that understudies wear. The school administrators who are agreeable to outfits will contend that the kids who wear them will encounter numerous advantages. I can't help contradicting this position. We will compose a custom paper test on Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now I feel that the utilization of garbs will strip character, smother imagination, and superfluously trouble the families that can't bear the cost of them. The utilization of garbs has just been executed in a few long-standing social conditions. The reformatory framework utilizes regalia to mark those people who are imprisoned. In like manner, the military likewise utilizes them to separate and evacuate the independence within the officer. In the two cases, singular personality is stripped away and the subject is compelled to adjust to a similar outward appearance as each other subject. Another difficult that will surface because of the execution of school garbs is the concealment of the individual’s inventiveness and articulation. Numerous students’ express who they are through the manner in which they dress. In the event that a youngster needs to show the remainder of the world that he adores Jesus, at that point the individual may wear a T-shirt that expresses a positive view regarding the matter. So also, an understudy should wear green shaded attire to show their help for St. Patrick’s day. School garbs would end both of those models recorded inside this passage and many, some more. The last issue that should be tended to is the pointless weight that will be set upon those groups of constrained assets. Some low-pay families don't have the cash accessible to outfit regalia to their kids. They can scarcely make a decent living with the assistance of noble cause and social projects. In Polk County, Florida, the educational committee is attempting to pass enactment that a kid can't go to class except if they have on the best possible uniform. Training should be accessible to all kids, not simply the ones whose guardians can bear to purchase the legislature requested clothing. I have recorded a few reasons why the utilization of school outfits ought not be actualized in America’s government funded instruction framework. Not exclusively will it dissolve the person into the mass, yet it will likewise obstruct those that are down and out. On the off chance that the educational committees want to utilize regalia compulsory, at that point they have to give the entirety of the necessary hardware, much the same as the military and the jail frameworks do. The most effective method to refer to Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity, Papers Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity Free Essays All through the State of Florida, various educational committees have been endeavoring to normalize the garments that understudies wear. The school administrators who are supportive of outfits will contend that the youngsters who wear them will encounter numerous advantages. I can't help contradicting this position. We will compose a custom article test on Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now I feel that the utilization of garbs will strip character, smother innovativeness, and superfluously trouble the families that can't bear the cost of them. The utilization of garbs has just been executed in a few long-standing social situations. The reformatory framework utilizes garbs to mark those people who are imprisoned. In like manner, the military additionally utilizes them to separate and expel the independence within the fighter. In the two cases, singular personality is stripped away and the subject is compelled to adjust to a similar outward appearance as each other subject. Another difficult that will surface because of the usage of school regalia is the concealment of the individual’s inventiveness and articulation. Numerous students’ express who they are through the manner in which they dress. On the off chance that a young person needs to show the remainder of the world that he cherishes Jesus, at that point the individual in question may wear a T-shirt that expresses a constructive view regarding the matter. Likewise, an understudy should wear green hued garments to show their help for St. Patrick’s day. School outfits would end both of those models recorded inside this section and many, some more. The last issue that should be tended to is the pointless weight that will be set upon those groups of constrained assets. Some low-salary families don't have the cash accessible to outfit garbs to their youngsters. They can scarcely make a decent living with the assistance of noble cause and social projects. In Polk County, Florida, the educational committee is attempting to pass enactment that a kid can't go to class except if they have on the correct uniform. Training should be accessible to all kids, not simply the ones whose guardians can stand to purchase the administration requested clothing. I have recorded a few reasons why the utilization of school outfits ought not be actualized in America’s state funded instruction framework. Not exclusively will it soften the person into the mass, however it will likewise upset those that are dejected. In the event that the educational committees want to utilize outfits obligatory, at that point they have to give the entirety of the necessary hardware, much the same as the military and the jail frameworks do. Instructions to refer to Suppresion of Individual’s Creativity, Papers

Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe

Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont OweScammers love to pose as debt collectors and make threatening phone calls demanding payment for debts that never even existed. Dont let them fool you!Almost exactly one year ago, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) busted a group of fake debt collectors that had been calling people and demanding payment on debts these people didnt owe. Posing as lawyers, members of this group would threaten lawsuits and jail-time if these “debts” weren’t paid back immediately.It would be great if we could tell you that those actions by the FTC put a stop to fake debt collectors scams once and for all, but we both know that isn’t true. Like the many-headed Hydra from Greek mythology, cutting down one debt collection scam only means that two others will rise to take its place.If you’ve ever applied for a personal loanâ€"especially if it was an online loanâ€"then there is a chance your information could be used against you by scamm ers posing as scary debt collectors. Here’s how the scam works, and what you can do in order to keep yourself safe.Records of your loan applications can end up in the wrong hands.  In ye olden days, anyone who wanted to get a loan had to stop by a bank in person. Even folks who wanted a payday loan had to visit their local storefront. But now, in an age where you can order pretty much anything under the sun with a tap of your smartphone, all it takes to apply for a loan is to visit a lender’s website.Here’s where things get tricky. Many websites that you visit to get a loan aren’t actually lenders at all. They’re not anything frighteningâ€"don’t worry. They’re just lead generators. Once you submit your information and hit apply, they send out your info to a bunch of different lenders so that they can process your application and offer you a loan.However, this process means that there are a bunch of lists of customer info floating around out there, lists that can be bou ght. Many times they’ll be bought by legit lenders, but sometimes they’ll be bought by scammers who want just enough info on a person to be able to trick them.Once one of these scammers gets their hands on a list, they start hitting the phones. Using the information from your application, they will call your phone and tell you that such-and-such loan was never paid back. They’ll inform you that they work for a debt collector and that it’s time to pay up.The funny thing about these scams is that many of the loans they are demanding payment for never even existed. (Okay, we lied. It’s not that funny.) All these scammers need is the information that you once applied for a loan in order to gin up a story where you are in deep, deep troubleâ€"even though, in reality, you’re totally fine.They will make big threats to scare people into paying.There are two reasons that these con artists call people over the phone. The first is that they want to leverage the fear and awkwardness they can create by yelling at people. Scammers will make huge, scary-sounding threats. They’ll tell their mark that they could end up in jail or get sued and taken to court if they don’t settle the debt right now.That first part is an outright lie. You can’t get sent to jail for failing to pay a debt collector. And using threats in order to extract payment is illegal. Debt collectors cannot threaten you (especially with jail time), they can’t swear at you, and they cannot threaten to ruin your reputation. Of course, these debt collectors aren’t really debt collectors, so they will do all of these things.The scammer will likely pose as an attorney. They threaten to take you to court and have your wages garnished if you don’t pay them now.  And while a creditor or debt collector can take you to court and get a court order to garnish your wages, they cannot threaten garnishment without the said court order, and they can’t threaten legal action if they don’t intend to follow through.But again, these scammers are not going to follow the rules set down for legitimate debt collectors. Identifying these illegal behaviors is a great way to nail them for what they are: criminals.The second reason that scammers like to call people over the phone is that its much harder to leave a paper trail. Letters or emails will contain information that can be easily traced back to them or help their mark verify that theyre a fake. As well lay out in the following section, getting info on your scammer is the best way to take them down.3 ways to sniff out a fake debt collector.Aside from taking note of their abusive and illegal behavior, here are three ways you can identify whether or not the debt collector on the other end of the phone is really who they say they are. These suggestions come courtesy of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB):Ask them to verify the debt in writing. You have a legal right to something called a “validation notice.” This is a written form that specifies the amount of the debt, the name of the creditor, and certain rights you hold under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Tell the debt collector you refuse to speak with them until you receive such a notice in writing. Legit companies will send you one immediately. Scammers won’tAsk them for their company’s info. A real debt collector will have no trouble providing this info, while a scammer will do everything they can to avoid it. Ask them for their name, their bosss name, the name of their company, and their business address. Also, ask them for their phone number and their business license. If they give you this information, check them out! You can also call your state Attorney General’s office to see if any complaints have been filed against them.Call your original creditor. If this company is a debt collector, then that means that they bought your debt from someone else. If you can’t get them to tell you what lender sold them the debt, the n call that original lender to verify that this debt collector is real. And if you can’t get the debt collector to tell you any of this info, just hang up. They’re trying to scam you.Do not give them any of your personal info over the phone.This is the most important thing you can do when dealing with any debt collector, but especially with one you’re not sure is legitimate. Keep your wits about you and your sensitive info like your bank account, Social Security number, and credit cards away from them.Scammers want to put the screws to you so that youll cough up this information to make them go away. But giving them sensitive personal and financial info doesn’t just mean you’re paying them for a debt you never owed. It means giving them the tools they need to steal your identity, something that could plague your finances for years to come.In the end, keeping yourself safe from these fake debt collections scams is actually pretty easy. Just follow the advice laid out in thi s post and you’ll be fine. Or, if you want to go on the offensive, you can follow the example set by this guy, who got a call from a shady debt collector and proceeded to, well, just read the story and find out for yourself. It’s a trip.Dont let a scammer decimate your savings and leave you relying on no credit check loans, title loans, and cash advances just to get by. Even a safe, affordable bad credit loan pales in comparison to not needing any loans at all. To learn more about how you can keep your finances safe from scammers, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Beware These Scams That Target SeniorsReverse Mortgages: How They Work and How to Shop For One SafelyHow to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural DisasterHave you ever been contacted by a fake debt collector? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe

Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont Owe Dont Let Fake Debt Collectors Scam You Out of Money You Dont OweScammers love to pose as debt collectors and make threatening phone calls demanding payment for debts that never even existed. Dont let them fool you!Almost exactly one year ago, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) busted a group of fake debt collectors that had been calling people and demanding payment on debts these people didnt owe. Posing as lawyers, members of this group would threaten lawsuits and jail-time if these “debts” weren’t paid back immediately.It would be great if we could tell you that those actions by the FTC put a stop to fake debt collectors scams once and for all, but we both know that isn’t true. Like the many-headed Hydra from Greek mythology, cutting down one debt collection scam only means that two others will rise to take its place.If you’ve ever applied for a personal loanâ€"especially if it was an online loanâ€"then there is a chance your information could be used against you by scamm ers posing as scary debt collectors. Here’s how the scam works, and what you can do in order to keep yourself safe.Records of your loan applications can end up in the wrong hands.  In ye olden days, anyone who wanted to get a loan had to stop by a bank in person. Even folks who wanted a payday loan had to visit their local storefront. But now, in an age where you can order pretty much anything under the sun with a tap of your smartphone, all it takes to apply for a loan is to visit a lender’s website.Here’s where things get tricky. Many websites that you visit to get a loan aren’t actually lenders at all. They’re not anything frighteningâ€"don’t worry. They’re just lead generators. Once you submit your information and hit apply, they send out your info to a bunch of different lenders so that they can process your application and offer you a loan.However, this process means that there are a bunch of lists of customer info floating around out there, lists that can be bou ght. Many times they’ll be bought by legit lenders, but sometimes they’ll be bought by scammers who want just enough info on a person to be able to trick them.Once one of these scammers gets their hands on a list, they start hitting the phones. Using the information from your application, they will call your phone and tell you that such-and-such loan was never paid back. They’ll inform you that they work for a debt collector and that it’s time to pay up.The funny thing about these scams is that many of the loans they are demanding payment for never even existed. (Okay, we lied. It’s not that funny.) All these scammers need is the information that you once applied for a loan in order to gin up a story where you are in deep, deep troubleâ€"even though, in reality, you’re totally fine.They will make big threats to scare people into paying.There are two reasons that these con artists call people over the phone. The first is that they want to leverage the fear and awkwardness they can create by yelling at people. Scammers will make huge, scary-sounding threats. They’ll tell their mark that they could end up in jail or get sued and taken to court if they don’t settle the debt right now.That first part is an outright lie. You can’t get sent to jail for failing to pay a debt collector. And using threats in order to extract payment is illegal. Debt collectors cannot threaten you (especially with jail time), they can’t swear at you, and they cannot threaten to ruin your reputation. Of course, these debt collectors aren’t really debt collectors, so they will do all of these things.The scammer will likely pose as an attorney. They threaten to take you to court and have your wages garnished if you don’t pay them now.  And while a creditor or debt collector can take you to court and get a court order to garnish your wages, they cannot threaten garnishment without the said court order, and they can’t threaten legal action if they don’t intend to follow through.But again, these scammers are not going to follow the rules set down for legitimate debt collectors. Identifying these illegal behaviors is a great way to nail them for what they are: criminals.The second reason that scammers like to call people over the phone is that its much harder to leave a paper trail. Letters or emails will contain information that can be easily traced back to them or help their mark verify that theyre a fake. As well lay out in the following section, getting info on your scammer is the best way to take them down.3 ways to sniff out a fake debt collector.Aside from taking note of their abusive and illegal behavior, here are three ways you can identify whether or not the debt collector on the other end of the phone is really who they say they are. These suggestions come courtesy of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB):Ask them to verify the debt in writing. You have a legal right to something called a “validation notice.” This is a written form that specifies the amount of the debt, the name of the creditor, and certain rights you hold under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Tell the debt collector you refuse to speak with them until you receive such a notice in writing. Legit companies will send you one immediately. Scammers won’tAsk them for their company’s info. A real debt collector will have no trouble providing this info, while a scammer will do everything they can to avoid it. Ask them for their name, their bosss name, the name of their company, and their business address. Also, ask them for their phone number and their business license. If they give you this information, check them out! You can also call your state Attorney General’s office to see if any complaints have been filed against them.Call your original creditor. If this company is a debt collector, then that means that they bought your debt from someone else. If you can’t get them to tell you what lender sold them the debt, the n call that original lender to verify that this debt collector is real. And if you can’t get the debt collector to tell you any of this info, just hang up. They’re trying to scam you.Do not give them any of your personal info over the phone.This is the most important thing you can do when dealing with any debt collector, but especially with one you’re not sure is legitimate. Keep your wits about you and your sensitive info like your bank account, Social Security number, and credit cards away from them.Scammers want to put the screws to you so that youll cough up this information to make them go away. But giving them sensitive personal and financial info doesn’t just mean you’re paying them for a debt you never owed. It means giving them the tools they need to steal your identity, something that could plague your finances for years to come.In the end, keeping yourself safe from these fake debt collections scams is actually pretty easy. Just follow the advice laid out in thi s post and you’ll be fine. Or, if you want to go on the offensive, you can follow the example set by this guy, who got a call from a shady debt collector and proceeded to, well, just read the story and find out for yourself. It’s a trip.Dont let a scammer decimate your savings and leave you relying on no credit check loans, title loans, and cash advances just to get by. Even a safe, affordable bad credit loan pales in comparison to not needing any loans at all. To learn more about how you can keep your finances safe from scammers, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Beware These Scams That Target SeniorsReverse Mortgages: How They Work and How to Shop For One SafelyHow to Avoid Scam Contractors and Fake Charities Post-Natural DisasterHave you ever been contacted by a fake debt collector? We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Effects Of Illegal Immigration On Health Care Cost

Effect of illegal immigration on health care cost There are several arguments spotlighting the effect of illegal immigration on current rising health care cost. To this point, illegal immigrants and elected representatives across the country are unable to deny the increased costs placed upon the backs of American taxpayers due to the rise in health care and health care insurance cost. A bill initiated in Indiana will demand local hospitals create a report regarding the costs associated with treating illegal immigrants. Additionally, on a countrywide level, there is an ongoing endeavor to push illegal immigrant children toward federally funded Children’s Health Insurance by the governing body which in turn will effectively raise the current tax rates for all Americans. As an alternative, some policymakers are trying to use creative language in order to guarantee that illegal immigrants were blocked from obtaining health care services (Maxwell Adolfo 324). For undocumented immigrants within the United States, acquiring he alth related services or care systematically increases the cost for American taxpayers across the board. Health care providers, Health care insurance companies and both the state and federally supplemented health care funds ( i.e. Medicaid) are forced to close the gap on the negative revenue return by increasing cost of services due to the excessive use and write off of public health care funds and services by illegal immigrants. It may be aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Law Breakers: The Cost of Illegal Immigrants1461 Words   |  6 Pagescountry we see today. But in this vast amount of time between the immigrants of 21st century and those of the past what has changed the effects people see immigrants as having. The Native Americans in the 1800s saw people immigrating to their lands as unnecessary pest and not people who would one day help the country grow and thrive. Just as today many Americans view illegal immigrants, people who come into a country illegally without proper documentation, as burdens on the country not realizing for everyRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Should Receive Health Care Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America needs comprehensive health care reform, and immigrants should be a part of the movement.  Ã‚  But many American citizens might ask that pertinent question: why should they cover the expense for illegal immigrants to access health care?  Ã‚  The answer is plain and simple: until congress passes immigration laws that work, people are going to migrant here illegally.  Ã‚  And to deny migrants access to affordable health care, Americans are not only denying them their human right, they areRead MoreEffects of Immigration on the Economy Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pages| Illegal Immigrants Are They A Stress On Our Economy. | | | Joanna Przyborski | 10/27/2012 | | Illegal immigration is an issue that has been highly debated in the United States for decades, and the effects of these immigrants will be for many to come, especially with the country in a recession and many people in economic trouble. December 1, 2008 the National Bureau of Economic Research officially declared the U.S. in a recession. Before 2007, U.S. economy has grown inRead MoreIllegal Immigration1709 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Immigration: The Undocumented Issue In this paper I will discuss one of the biggest issues in the United States: Illegal immigrants. Some may say that illegal immigration has a positive impact on the United States’ economy, and some think that these undocumented immigrants affect jobs and wages of people that are living in this country. I think that illegal immigrants harm the United States’ economy through their use of our country’s social services such as health care, education andRead More Illegal Immigration Essays1289 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal Immigration and Health Care With the economy of the United States in shambles, illegal immigration and the effects it has on health care can no longer be ignored. America has a whole needs to be concerned and well informed of the issues rather than collecting information piecemeal by way of media or other biased groups. If illegal immigration stays its present course the American tax-payer will continue to fund the well being of individuals who have broken federal rules and regulationsRead MoreEffects Of Illegal Immigration1658 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal immigration and the effect on the United States of America Illegal immigration In the United States no one wants to spend more than they have to, especially when it does not benefit them directly. So why are we? In 2011 the Federation for American Immigration Reform released a document explaining the fiscal burden of taon the taxpayers â€Å"The annual costs of illegal immigration at the federal, state, and local level is $113 billion; $29 billion at the federal level and $84 billion at theRead MoreThe United States Immigration Policy1199 Words   |  5 Pages In the United States immigration has almost always been a controversial topic to discuss. James Madison wrote that Our kind reception of immigrants is very proper, but it is dictated more by benevolent [sic] than by interested consideration, though some of them seem to be very far from regarding the obligations as lying on their side(Madison, James) When Madison wrote this he had no clue of the problems that immigration could cause in the modern day United States in the last five to six decadesRead MoreIllegal Immigration: Pros and Cons1128 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal immigration is a major problem which most of the developed countries face in the current economy, and it has been major political problem for the political parties in America (republicans and democrats) and over years each party has a different agenda to discuss the problem. Illegal immigration can be defined as a movement of people from a source country to the destination country without any legal documents and viola tes destination countries immigration laws. People have moved across landsRead MoreThe Effects of Illegal Immigration1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Illegal Immigration The Effects of Illegal Immigration For centuries people have come across the United States borders from foreign countries hoping for a better life, a life that is free from unruly dictators and poverty for them and their families. They wanted to live in the land of opportunity so that they can make something of themselves; this is why we have some of the major problems with illegal immigration. Arizona, California, and Texas border the United States to Mexico;Read MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration902 Words   |  4 PagesThe economic impact of illegal immigrants in Texas has brought concerns for the state s economy. Such as opportunities, health care, and education. Illegal immigrants contribute both positively and negatively to the Texas economy. They contribute positively by paying for taxes such as sales taxes, health taxes and taxes imposed on items. The negative impacts these immigrants have on the Texas economy seems to overweigh these positive impacts. Their presence has made general wages go dow n for unqualified

The Cold War During World War II - 970 Words

The Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. Events such as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the start of this long-lasting war. Nationalism is a strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. It is also the belief that people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination. The United States was in fear of Communism from the Soviet Union after many threats from ruler Joseph Stalin. The poor economic conditions of the world were due to the end of WWII. The United States in partic ular needed a new way of managing money to present future recessions and depressions. The United States had a strong desire to have free elections and be free from communist ideals, this was one of the leading factors for the start of the Cold War. After WWII, there were several events and conferences that caused uproar across the nation. The Yalta Conference in 1945 was aimed at sorting out Germany after WWII. The conference members included Britain, the United States, and USSR. It dividedShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain who’s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"Cold War† according to Heonik Kwon in his document or igins of the Cold War â€Å"†¦ refers to the prevailing condition of the world in the second halfRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition between two superpowers advancing rapidly wanting to be number one. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with PresidentRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere betwee n the end of World War II and the early 1989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar is the result of hate and brutality that can affect people in a negative way. The Cold War relates to the war in the Butter Battle book as it demonstrates hate, which should not be taught to kids in children s books. Conflict and competition can lead to war. The Cold War was a 45 year long rivalry between the Western powers, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States formed a military base to protect them from other threats such as the Soviets. The expansion of the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. As a result, there has been much debate about whether the U.S. initiated the Cold War through their usage of the atomic bomb in World War IIRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1760 Words   |  8 PagesEssay One During World War II the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but by 1950, their relationship had disintegrated and the two nations were engaged in a â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† occurred due to efforts by both nations after the war to maintain influence in regions like Eastern Europe for the Soviets and Turkey and Greece for the United States, but the â€Å"Cold War† wasn’t limited to these disputes. The â€Å"Cold War† was influenced by many factors on the United States side including theRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II2261 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was a period of rivalry short of armed confrontation. Tensions oscillated between former allies of the World War II, Russia and America, leading to the infamous cold war. It is rather difficult to determine the starting point of the Cold War because the East-West relationship had been deteriorating since a long time due to their conflicting ideologies and aspiration s. However, the circumstances required for them to form an alliance in World War II, but this friendship was short livedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay2497 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was one of the most fear-inducing situations in American history. Post World War II, the superpowers of the world, namely the United States and the U.S.S.R, struggled to settle issues that arose from initiatives and responses after the war. These created the climate of tension and distrust between the two nations (Sibley 1). The United States held tightly to its liberal-capitalist beliefs while the Soviets â€Å"†¦professed fervent belief,† in their Marxist-Leninist ideology (Sibley 1). Many

Palm reading Free Essays

Personalities through their palms. Specific purpose: By the end of my speech my audience will learn how personality palm reading is dependent on nerves and another 3 major life lines . L. We will write a custom essay sample on Palm reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction: A. Attention Getter: (I’m going to say the personality traits of a classmate) , you ask how I know all this about his about him , its all here written in own his hands. Transition: Sometimes our eyes hide what our hands read. Since our palms, hands and fingers are all maps that tell us about our personalities and where were going through our lives. B. Reason to Listen: I bet everyone here has looked to his hands ND wondered what those silly lines meant. Well palm reading provides the answer for all this. C. Thesis Statement: According to Dictionary. Reference. Com palm reading is the practice of interpreting ones character from the lines and configurations of the palm of the hand . D. Credibility Statement: Throughout my life I have always heard bad things about palm reading, since its accuracy has always been questioned because it has always been linked with forecasting and never been proven with any scientific facts to back it up. It is wrap off ! Owe could you believe in such things ! They use you in order to take your money. After deep research I concluded that its not what people actually think it is a simple process based on our biological features and our nervous system. It is an art practiced worldwide and with Indian astrology roots . E. Preview of main points: I will discuss how palm reading is related to the nerves and brain. Body A. In Order to understand how to read a palm we must first understand how does this process work . 1. Our nerves have a long path that begins with the brain and ends at our body extremities : the hands and the feet. . This connection between our nerve endings and our brains is thus what makes our mental thoughts reflect into our hands. Making everything we want, do, behave, love or hate visible. Transition: The first question asked about palm reading is which hand to read? B. The Palm reader usually chooses each person’s dominant hand. 1 . The dominant hand is the passive hand the one you usually use the most and write with , it is all the experiences gained through-out your life while the non dominant hand is considered the experiences you will go through in the future . . The next step is determining the shape of the palms , we have 4 shapes unhand : the Earth hands which are square in shape with short fingers. People with Earth hands are practical, stubborn and love outdoors activities. 2. The Second shape is the air hands that are square in shape with long fingers. People with these kind of hands are curious, full of ideas, worry a lot, good communicators, but may have problems with private relationships . 3. The third shape is the fire hands that have a long palm but short fingers. People with fire hands are full of energy, spontaneous, optimistic, active, but have of lack patience . 4. The last shape is the Water hands that are rectangular in heap with long fingers. People with water hands are very moody yet loving, caring, don’t cope well with stress . Transition: Now we move on to the 3 major lines of the palm. C. Each line of the three tells a different story about each individual . 1. Im going to start with the top line in our hands, the heart line. It is the line that determines the sensitivity and the emotional aspects of a person. If the line starts below the index finger, it means that he is happily in a relationship. Whereas if the line starts below the middle finger, it means that an individual is selfish when it comes to love. If it starts in the middle, then it means that an individual falls in love very easily. However, the curvier the line is the more romantic the individual is, and the straighter it is the less romantic a person is. If it touches life line then it means that the individual is easily heartbroken. But when the line is Www then it means that the individual has experienced many relationships and lovers. Finally a circle on the line means that the individual is sad with his life . 2. The Second Line , is the middle one The Head Line . Alt determines how focused or easily distracted a person is. When the line is short, it resembles that an individual is short and direct to the point, whereas the longer it is the more creative and thoughtful an individual is, but the straighter it is, it means that the individual has very clear thoughts. Finally, if the head line is wavy, it means that the individual has a lack of concentration. 3. The curves beside the thumb represent the third major line the life line, the closer they are to the thumb the less enthusiastic and passionate for life the individual is, while the curvier they are it means that an individual has a great eve for life , if it swings out it shows that the individual likes to travel often, but if there are breaks it means that the individual has a weak immune system. Any additional line means that an individual is surrounded with positive vibes. Ill. Conclusion: A. Review of main points: So Palm reading does not tell you the number of kids your going to have , nor at what age will you die or the name of the pet your going to bring next year. It is a simple art that interprets your personality through the reading of your palms and not a fortune telling myth. B. Closure: Now that you all know everything about palm eating you can each know more about your own personality. True or not. It is an easy, fun unharmed process that takes only a couple of minutes. 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Establishing Breach of Duty of Care-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Critically analyse the criteria used by the courts in determining whether there has been a breach of a duty of care under the law of tort. The file assessment task explains all the details pertaining the assignment.Recommended reading Occupiers Liability Act 1984 ,Occupiers Liability Act 1957 and file Topic over view II Breach of Duty. Answer: Introduction Tort can be best described as a civil wrong done, which causes harm, loss or injury to another person, as a result of the acts which the first person undertakes. There are different types of torts, but the most commonly discussed tort is the tort of negligence[1]. Negligence, being a tort, takes place in such cases where the acts or the actions of one person, say person X, results in another person, say person Y, getting injured. This injury could be harm or loss too, which caused to person Y. Further, this injury takes place due to the person X not undertaking such act in a careful manner, which a reasonable person in their place would have undertaken[2]. Furthermore, there is a need for the person Y to be harmed, at loss, or injured in such a manner, which was substantial and resulted directly due to such acts undertaken by person X. Where this does not happen, a case of negligence would not be upheld, due to lack of direct causation, and remoteness. Apart from this, there are vari ous other requirements which can make a claim of negligence unsuccessful[3]. When the steps required for making a case of negligence are taken into consideration, the very step comes out to be the presence of duty of care. It is crucial for a case to progress under negligence to show that the duty of care was owed by person X to person Y. Without this, a case of negligence cannot move forward, and is a substantial aspect. Even more important is to show that this duty of care had been breached[4]. This discussion is focused on critically analyzing the criteria which the courts make use of, where they have to determine the breach of duty of care, under the common law and the statutory law. Breach of Duty of Care As has been touched upon in the introductory segment, there are certain requirements for establishing a case of negligence in a successful manner. This involves showing the duty of care, its breach, resulting loss/ harm/ injury, causation, proximity, remoteness and reasonable foreseeability[5]. Each of these elements is analyzed on different criteria. The following parts would highlight the criteria used by courts, specifically in context of breach of duty of care under the common law, under the Occupiers Liability Act, 1957[6], and under the Occupiers Liability Act, 1984[7]. Common Law The tort of negligence is predominately decided under the common law. The decisions of the courts and the criteria set out in the precedents are made use of by the courts in deciding different elements highlighted above, which includes the breach of duty of care. The term breach of duty of care, as the name suggests, is the contravention of duty of care which person X owed to person Y, as a result of the acts being undertaken by them, having the possibility of resulting in a harm/ injury/ loss to person Y[8]. This breach takes place when the required standard of care is not deployed by person X while performing their actions. Further, a prudent person in place of person X would have undertaken such care when they would have undertaken such acts. This lack of taking the reasonable standard of care results in duty of care being violated. A key point in this context is to show that there was a clear and reasonable possibility of such harm/ injury/ loss taking place in terms of reasonabl e foreseeability of the loss[9]. To better shed light on the different criteria which the courts make use of there is a need to quote certain landmark or noteworthy cases. In order to establish that the duty of care had been breached, there is a need to apply the objectivity test. This is a common test used by the courts. The objective test provides that a certain level of expectation was there from person X which they have failed in meeting and which was as per the standards of a reasonable person. In Vaughan v Menlove[10], as a result of the poor ventilation, the haystack of the defendant caught fire. He had been warned regarding the possibility of such happening if he left the haystack and that too, a number of times. Using his best judgment, he argued that there was no foreseeable risk of fire. When the matter reached court, they held that the best judgment of the defendant had not been sufficient and that there was a need to apply the standards which a reasonable man would deploy. However, this test is not used strictly and is often varied depending on the particular situation of the case or based on the defendant of the case. For instance, in Condon v Basi[11], the court adopted the view that an amateur footballer was not expected to meet the standards of such footballers who were in the first division. In Blake v Galloway[12], the context of horseplay was at the centre of this case. Here, the judges held that a duty of care was only breached where the conduct of defendant amounted to high degree of careless or recklessness. When it comes to the professionals, the breach of duty of care becomes a bit stricter in approach by the courts. Basically there is an enhanced standard of duty of care on the professionals. The case of Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority[13] saw the court stating that the standards of reasonable person applied to the professionals of that profession, even when such an individual was a trainee. In this case, the junior doctor was said to have the same standard of care as any qualified doctor. Again, in Nettleship v Weston[14], a breach of duty of care was found to be present where a learner driver failed in meeting the same standards as any reasonably competent qualified driver owes. There are certain cases where the opinion is divided in a profession, in context of the proper course of action which has to be undertaken in specific situations. When such a case takes place, Bolam v Friern[15] dictates that the defendant is not required to be treated in violation of the duty of care by choosing one body of opinion over the other. This case is famous for providing the Bolam Test. In this case, the doctor was not held to have breached his duty of care where he adopted the practices of reasonable body of medical men, which were skilled in their specific art. Where a man is held negligent just due to presence of contrary body of opinions, it would be unjust and unfair. To further clarify on this matter, there is a need to make reference to Bolitho v City Hackney Health Authority[16], where it was provided that the opinion had to be defensible and was required to be rooted in logic. This shows that the courts analyze the details of each case and adopt a holistic approa ch before giving any decision. Even a change in a needle could result in variations in judgment. The theme which is adopted by the courts is to uphold justice and to be fair to every party. This is the reason a lot of details are covered under the common law in context of upholding the breach of duty of care. In context of reasonable standards, the courts have not only clarified on normal cases and professional cases, but have also explained the difference in cases of children. For instance, in Mullin v Richards[17], the courts clearly provided that a child was not required or even expected to meet the standards which apply on a reasonable adult. The child, thus, had to be judged on the basis of the standards of a reasonable child, that too, of the very same age. There is again a variation adopted by the courts when it comes to the conduct of defendant which is affected by illness in upholding breach of duty of care. This is due to proper reasoning and again complies with the theme of dealing each case separately to uphold a sense of justice. For instance, in Roberts v Ramsbottom[18], the breach of duty of care was upheld just to make certain that the aggrieved party had been properly compensated. As against this, in Mansfield v Weetabix[19], the breach of duty of care was not upheld due to this case involving property damage, which could easily be covered through insurance. In the application of objective test for upholding breach of duty of care, there is a need to consider certain factors. The very first factor is the likelihood of harm. In Roe v Minister of Health[20], the courts held that the defendant was not expected to guard against such events which could not be foreseen. Bolton v Stone[21] is a leading matter in this context, which shows that a duty of care was not present towards Miss Stone due to the very low likelihood of harm and the defendant having taken all the requisite practical precautions in the situation which was present. Reasonability can be clarified through Haley v London Electricity Board[22] where the beach of duty of care was upheld as it was deemed as foreseeable that a blind person walking down the street would trip on a shovel kept at street where there was no appropriate protection. In case of a non-blind person, the decision would have been the reverse. The next requirement, as had been stated in introductory segment, is to show that the harm sustained has to be serious enough. In Paris v Stepney[23], it was upheld that a duty of care had been breached by not providing the requisite safety gear to Paris, where this resulted in Paris getting blind in the only good eye he had. Again, the mixing of criteria can be highlighted through The Wagon Mound No.2[24] where even with the low likelihood of harm, the breach of duty of care was upheld as a result of seriousness of harm being high. Latimer v AEC[25] puts down the requirement of cost of prevention, where a breach was denied due to reasonable precautions being taken by the defendant, cancelling out the need of shutting down the factor. Lastly, there is a need to analyze the utility of conduct of the defendant. In Watt v Hertfordshire[26], a breach of duty of care was not upheld where there was an emergency situation and the utility of conduct of defendant in life saving situation was seen to outweigh the need of taking requisite precautions. In case of lack of such life saving situation, the decision would have been just opposite. Occupiers Liability Act, 1957 This legislation is focused on imposing a common duty of care which the occupiers owe to the lawful visitors. The 1957 act covers the protected damages like death, damage to property and personal injury. As per this legislation, the invitees and the licensees are the lawful visitors and to these people only the common duty of care is owed[27]. The 1957 legislation also owes this duty to the ones who enter based on a contract[28], or those to whom the right of entering has been exercised based on the right having being provided through any law[29]. Under section 2(2) of this act, the common duty of care has been provided, which requires care to be taken at all cases where it has to be ensured that the reasonable care is taken when a visitor visits or enters the premises for the permissible purposes[30]. Again, as is found under the common law, this legislation also provides that the standard of care would vary in cases of children[31], or in cases where the occupier expects that their exercising this call would be appreciated and is guarded against the special risks which are ordinarily incident to it[32]. In case of child visitors, the court takes into account the childs age and the level of understanding which a child of that age is expected to have. In Titchener v British Railways Board[33], a breach of duty of care was not upheld, as the age of child was 15 years, where it was expected for them to be reasonable aware of the dangers of trespassing. As against this, there was a breach of duty of care upheld by the court in Jolley v Sutton[34] where the children were 14 years of age, and by not taking away an unsafe boat, there was a risk of children meddling with it, resulting in duty being breached. The breach of duty of care particularly in context of 1957 act could be explained through Taylor v Glasgow Corporation[35]. In this case, the two children went to a park which was open for public and were thus invited. A boy who was seven years old ate some berries, which were poisonous and died. There was lack of warning signs and the shrub was not fenced. This was seen as a breach of duty of care as it was seen that children would have reached for the berry as it was unprotected and the children were not warned. This was coupled with the protection that the defendant failed in providing the requisite protection to their occupiers. The court does not put the entire liability on the defendants in cases of children, and the role of parents is also analyzed. In Phipps v Rochester Corporation[36], the breach of duty of care was not upheld as the court upheld that the parents of five year and seven year old kids were required to accompany them. Often the warning signs or warnings are deemed as enough to discharge duty of care as was seen in Roles v Nathan[37]. However, in White v Blackmore[38], in context of section 2(4)(a) of the 1957 act[39], it was held that warning had to cover the danger which took place in the pertinent case. In Darby v National Trust[40], it was clarified that there is no need of warning the claimants regarding the obvious risk of harm. Occupiers Liability Act, 1984 The visitors which are not covered under the 1957 act can claim a duty of care being present under the 1984 act. In Revill v Newbery[41], it was clarified that this act gives protection even to the ones who break into the premises of an occupier with criminal intentions. Even though this can be seen as a harsh concept, it is used vigilantly by the courts and in majority with cases involving children as they are not aware of the dangers of trespassing. In Addie v Dumbreck[42], the duty was said to be not owed by the defendant. However, a divergent approach was adopted in British Railways Board v Herrington[43] by the judges in sense of justice. In this case, the court upheld the presence of duty of care on grounds of common humanity to trespassers, and the breach of this owed duty of care resulted in the defendant being made liable for the burns caused to the six year old boy. Section 1(3) of the 1984 act provides the situations which can give rise to a duty of care being owed by an occupier to the visitor[44]. This includes the awareness of danger on reasonable grounds; the grounds to believe that danger may be caused and that other person could come in vicinity of such danger; and that in case of such risk, there is a need to provide certain protection. The criteria laid down under this section has to be shown to be present when the duty of care is alleged to have been contravened as was stipulated through Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd[45]. As is the case with common law, there is a need to deploy a standard of care as per section 1(4) of the 1984 act[46]. As is the case with the 1957 act, by the duty of care can be discharged by giving warnings or by discouraging the others from undertaking such risks as per section 1(5) of the 1984 act[47] and as had been seen under the case of Tomlinson v Congleton[48]. Conclusion Thus, on the basis of the discussion which had been covered in the previous segments, it can be concluded that the courts deploy a range of different factors in order to uphold that the duty of care which person X owed to person Y had been breached or not. The range of case laws discussed herewith highlighted that even a slight variation in two cases can result in huge variations, in terms of breach of duty of care being upheld or the same being denied. There are a number of common factors under the three distinctive laws discussed above, in considering the breach of duty of care. These include the need for upholding the presence of duty of care, followed by factors like significant damages, possibility of the risk of harm actually taking place, the reasonableness of acts undertaken by person in comparison to a prudent person, and the particular factors of the case, in terms of breach of duty of care accompanied by property damage or personal damage, the cases of children and the cas es of professionals, amongst the various other factors. There is a common theme of upholding sense of justice and fairness, and to consider each case in detail, in order to bring out the best result, particularly for the injured party. However, in doing so, the courts adopt a calculated approach, which even though can be cited as contradictory, but is actually based on reasonable grounds. All in all, this discussion presented a thorough analysis of the criteria adopted by courts in determining the breach of duty of care under tort law of negligence in a critical manner. Bibliography Primary SourcesCases Addie v Dumbreck [1929] AC 358 Blake v Galloway [2004] 3 All ER 315 Bolam v Friern [1957] 1 W.L.R. 583, 587 Bolitho v City Hackney Health Authority[1997] 3 WLR 1151 Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877 Condon v Basi [1985] 1 WLR 866 Darby v National Trust (2001) 3 LGLR 29 Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 231 Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778 Jolley v Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 Mansfield v Weetabix[1997] EWCA Civ 1352 Mullin v Richards[1998] 1 WLR 1304 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 WLR 370 Paris v Stepney [1951] AC 367 Phipps v Rochester Corporation[1955] 1 QB 450 Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239 Roberts v Ramsbottom [1980] 1 WLR 823 Roe v Minister of Health[1954] 2 WLR 915 Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 Taylor v Glasgow Corporation[1922] 1 AC 448 The Wagon Mound No.2 [1967] 1 AC 617 Titchener v British Railways Board [1983] 1 WLR 1427 Tomlinson v Congleton [2003] 3 WLR 705 Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 Watt v Hertfordshire [1954] 1 WLR 835 White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR 296 Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] 1 AC 1074 Occupiers Liability Act, 1957 Occupiers Liability Act, 1984 Abbott K, Pendlebury N, and Wardman K, Business law (8th edn, Thompson Learning 2007) Gibson A, and Fraser D, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU 2013) Greene B, Course Notes: Tort Law (Routledge 2013) Lunney M, and Oliphant K, Tort Law: Text and Materials (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2013) Plunkett J, The Duty of Care in Negligence (Hart Publishing 2018) Steele J, Tort Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Turner C, Unlocking Torts (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) Mark Lunney and Ken Oliphant, Tort Law: Text and Materials (5th edn, Oxford University Press 2013) Jenny Steele, Tort Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Keith Abbott, Norman Pendlebury and Kevin Wardman, Business law (8th edn, Thompson Learning 2007) Chris Turner, Unlocking Torts (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) Andy Gibson and Douglas Fraser, Business Law (Pearson Higher Education AU 2013) Occupiers Liability Act, 1957 Occupiers Liability Act, 1984 James Plunkett, The Duty of Care in Negligence (Hart Publishing 2018) Brendan Greene, Course Notes: Tort Law (Routledge 2013) Vaughan v Menlove (1837) 3 Bing NC 467 [Condon v Basi [1985] 1 WLR 866 [Blake v Galloway [2004] 3 All ER 315 Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [1988] 1 AC 1074 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 WLR 370 Bolam v Friern [1957] 1 W.L.R. 583, 587 Bolitho v City Hackney Health Authority[1997] 3 WLR 1151 Mullin v Richards[1998] 1 WLR 1304 Roberts v Ramsbottom [1980] 1 WLR 823 Mansfield v Weetabix[1997] EWCA Civ 1352 Roe v Minister of Health[1954] 2 WLR 915 Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778 Paris v Stepney [1951] AC 367 The Wagon Mound No.2 [1967] 1 AC 617 Latimer v AEC [1953] AC 643 Watt v Hertfordshire [1954] 1 WLR 835 Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s1(2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s5(2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s2(6) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s2(2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s2(3)(a) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s2(3)(b) Titchener v British Railways Board [1983] 1 WLR 1427 Jolley v Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Taylor v Glasgow Corporation[1922] 1 AC 448 Phipps v Rochester Corporation[1955] 1 QB 450 Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR 296 Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s2(4)(a) Darby v National Trust (2001) 3 LGLR 29 Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239 Addie v Dumbreck [1929] AC 358 British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877 Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s1(3) Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 231 Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s1(4) Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s1(5) Tomlinson v Congleton [2003] 3 WLR 705

Obesity in Childhood

Table of Contents Introduction Aetiology of obesity Consequences of obesity Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Childhood obesity is considered as one of the top ten global health issues, due to the fact that childhood obesity prevalence is on a dramatic increase. Basically, the short-term problems of childhood obesity include respiratory morbidities and elevated cardiovascular risk factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in Childhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the World Health Organization, obesity is defined as â€Å"abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health† (WHO, Para. 1). Hills, King and Byrne are on the view that the World Health Organization define overweight adults as having a body mass index (BMI) of 25kg/m2 or more and obese adults as having a body mass index of 30kg/m2 or more (Hills, King, and Byrne 11). Although there is less research on long-term health consequences of childhood obesity, evidence has shown that abnormalities attained at childhood level result in cardiovascular consequences at the on-set of adult obesity. In summation of the researches conducted, it has been found that over weight adolescents and children have a likelihood of attaining several heart disease risk factors and adult morbidities e.g. cardiovascular diseases (Hills, King, and Byrne 20). Nevertheless, obese children often suffer from diseases and develop depression. Aetiology of obesity Factors like diet, physical activity, and metabolic status are some of the major environmental factors that contribute to obesity, which are said to be a genetic trait influence (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Diet: High fat and refined foods have been identified as major contributors to the obesity condition. In North America and Europe, it has been noted that fat and simple sugars account for more than half consumption and energy intake of refined grain that has replaced whole grains (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Physical activity: physical activity among the youth has notably decline in recent decades. In addition, it is suggested that corresponding prevalence increase in obesity is the direct result of decline in physical activity (Hills, King, and Byrne 2). Consequences of obesity Depression: Evidence has shown that obesity is linked to mood disorders, low-self esteem, and depression in children. However, this relation is neither simple nor consistent due to variations noted in age, family context, gender, and duration of obesity (Davies, Fitzgerald, and Mousouli 73).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is believed that obese children undergo social stigmatization caused by their body weight, leading to the children being dissatisfied with the image of their body hence causing depression and low self-esteem (Davies, Fitzgerald , and Mousouli 74). According to Martin, Volkmar, and Lewis (608), depressive symptoms have been noted in later childhood obesity. In spite of results and design of these studies differing, the linkage findings on depression to subsequent weight increase are consistent. Moreover, causality has been implied by the fact that the length of time o0f depression between the adulthood and childhood is a predictor of body mass index. It has also been found that the high rates of obesity can be reduced by treatment of depression in children successfully (Martin, Volkmar, and Lewis 608). Development of diseases: Obesity documentation shows that some of the diseases that one is likely to attain because of obesity are hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. In addition, short-term consequences related to childhood obesity include respiratory morbidities and cardiovascular risk factors. These cardiovascular risk factors that characterize obesity at adulthood are due to abnormal ities at childhood. Moreover, studies have also indicated that obese children have a high risk of getting various coronary heart disease risk factors and different comorbidities (Hills, King, and Byrne 20). Conclusion Obesity is a health problem that has been categorized as a top 10-health issue by the world health organization. The obesity condition has been noted to be rapidly increasing globally at high rates, with eating habits, metabolic status, and physical activity being some of the causes that contribute to obesity. Moreover, an obese child can be assisted by successfully tackling issues like depression that an obese child has. Works Cited Davie Dale and Fitzgerald Hiram, Mousouli Vasiliki. Obesityin childhood and adolescent: Understanding development and prevention. British library. 2008. Web. Hills Andrew, King Neil and Byrne M. Nuala. Children, obesity and exercise: prevention treatment and management of childhood adolescent obesity. NY, Routledge. 2007. Web. Martin, Andr es, Volkmar, Fred and Lewis Melvin. Lewis’s child and adolescent psychiatry: a comprehensive textbook. PA, pine tree composition. 2007. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in Childhood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More WHO. â€Å"Obesity.† Obesity. 2010. Web. This essay on Obesity in Childhood was written and submitted by user Ivy Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Real Economic Motives Behind the War on Iraq essays

The Real Economic Motives Behind the War on Iraq essays There has been much recent media attention given to the U.S plan to attack Iraq. The U.S government has made it clear that it will not stand by and let Iraq continue to harbor "weapons of mass destruction" and impede the progress of U.N weapons inspectors. What George W. Bush would have the world believe and what is actually the case in Iraq may be two very different things. The only country in the world, other than the U.S that believes that an attack on Iraq is acceptable is Great Britain. All others are opposed. So why is it that all other nations, most of which are members of the U.N, and advocate weapons inspections, are not willing to engage in a war with Iraq? Most nations believe there is not sufficient evidence to support Iraq as a threat. Iraq appears to be extremely co-operative with inspectors considering the controversy in the past. For example; in 1991 at the end of desert storm, the Iraqi government agreed to accept inspectors, believing that once it was established that Iraq posed no threat, the debilitating economic sanctions would be lifted. In Dec 98, the U.S pulled out the mostly U.S inspection teams because it was stated that Iraq was "not fully cooperating." In reality, of 423 inspections performed that month, only 5 "obstructions" occurred. These were either minor delays, or caused from attempts to inspect on religious holidays when facilities were closed. The U.S insisted however they were not co-operating and ended inspections. Less than 48 hours after the inspectors departed, the U.S began a bombing campaign known as Operation Desert Fox. In the three days following initiation of Desert Fox, the U.S and Britain dropped more than 1000 missiles on Iraq. Two weeks after the bombing, the U.S admitted that the inspectors had in fact been U.S intelligence agents who provided the bombing coordinates for operation Desert Fox. It appears that the U.S is fabricating motives to start a war with Iraq. Now with t...

How social media affect out personal behaviour Annotated Bibliography

How social media affect out personal behaviour - Annotated Bibliography Example The publication analyzes the effect of the information technology provides an opportunity to change peoples’ and organization’s decision-making behaviour. Groups and organizations also make use of technology to enhance their decision-making, especially through the social media. The technologies may have a positive or negative effect on the users regarding the effectiveness of the decisions made through the social media. For example, organization managers may make marketing changes, which in turn results to poor decisions by the consumers of their commodities. Over reliance on the social media rather than the employing the experts opinion and facts have the possibility of making biased decisions. The article gives an overview of the impact of the social media and the Web 2.0 on how organizations, individuals, and groups make decisions regarding their ventures. The authors interact with other published work by analyzing various impacts of the social media on decision-making and the consequences of using the information on the social networks. The other ideas related to social media, such as blogging, video sharing through the YouTube, and Skype among others enrich the authors’ information on the importance of the social media in decision-making. The main purpose of the publication is to educate and enlighten everybody, who views the internet on the importance of using the social sites for management reasons other than entertainment and socializing. The article clearly uses clear demonstrations to evaluate the importance of social media and several examples of the social media platform to enhance the clarity of the contents. The article is about psychological behaviours related to the social media published by Knowledge and Information Systems and addresses behaviours on the social media. The purpose of the article is to study the important world

Defeating Diabetes one step at a time- the Alpha Gamma Delta Essay

Defeating Diabetes one step at a time- the Alpha Gamma Delta Foundation - Essay Example According to the American Diabetes Association, nearly 23.6 million people representing 8% of population are diabetic which is increasingly becoming a cause of growing concern and hence in dire need of strong and prompt action. It is in the light of these facts that I intend to take up the cause and help make a difference to the society of which we all are a part of. The cause need to be popularized through media as well as through word of mouth, so as to cause awareness about this critical issue and touch the lives of millions of people worldwide by spreading the word. With a host of opportunities available today, especially with the growth of internet and its rising popularity among the young and the old alike, the cause could be conveniently propagated through blogs, social networking sites, video uploading sites, as well as through other forms of media such as T.V and news advertisements. In order to make a difference you need to have a vision – a vision that inspires change. They say that you need to be the change you want to see and to suffice I’d like to quote these lines: â€Å"Maybe I will never be, All the things that I’d like to be, Now is not the time to cry, Now is the time to find out why† –

Grocery market in UK

Grocery market in UK INTRODUCTION It is a fact that the last couple of years most of the industry and service sectors worldwide have lost their reliability on customers confidence. Fortunately, lately there have been some significant efforts by some industries mainly with the help of their major players (larger companies), to get back to the game. The industry sector that we are going to analyse is the food industry retailing in the United Kingdom. In order to help the simple reader to have a taste of what are the situations that occur inside the sector, we will provide some significant informations about the size of the sector, the general activities taking place in it, statistics and forecasts and generally as many informations as we can to help him understand whats happening inside the sector. Size of the grocery market in UK The calendar year 2009, the grocery markets value was  £146.3bn, an increase of 4.8% concerning 2008. For every  £1 of food and grocery expenditure , 52p goes for retail accounts for in every . 21p in every  £1 spent in food grocery is spent in convenience stores. Number of grocery stores in the UK The number of grocery stores in UK is 92,796. There are split into four main sectors, which are defined as followed : 1. Convenience stores: These are stores with less than 3.000 sq ft sales area. They are open for many hours during the day and their selling products that have at least eight different grocery categories, (e.g Co-operative Group, Londis, SPAR). Traditional retail: These stores have less than 3,000 sq ft sales area.This includes newsagents (selling confectionary, newspapers and tobacco), specialist off-licences,specialist grocers, food specialists (chains of bakers, health foods,butchers, etc.) and independent specialists. Hypermarket, supermarkets superstores: In this category, we have the Supermarkets which have sales area of 3,000-25,000 sq ft ,Superstores with sales area over 25,000 sq ft and Hypermarkets with over 60,000 sq ft sales area. All of them are selling a broad range and a variety of mainly grocery items. Non-food products are also sold in those stores (eg Tesco, Asda). Online channel: Here we have the category of sales via internet. We must mention the fact that approximately 70% of sales are made in superstores and supermarkets. The remainder majority is accounted by convenience retailing, with traditional small retailers that account for only 7% of sales. Table 1 provides a breakdown by category. Table 1 UK Grocery Retail Sales by Category, 2009 value % food and drink  £ 91.6 bn 62.6 % tobacco  £ 16 bn 11 % non-food grocery  £ 23.5 bn 16.1 % non-grocery  £ 15.2 bn 10.3 % Total retail sales through UK grocery outlets  £ 146.3 bn source: IGD Grocery Retailing 2009 As we can see from table 1, food and drink are by far the category that is consumed more by the public. What is really interesting and for that reason we provide Table 2 is the increase of non-food grocery category by the amount of  £6.5 bn (38%) from 2005 to 2009. It is also very important the fact that there has been a general increase of the total retail sales through UK grocery outlets by 21% in that period of time. UK Grocery Retail Sales by Category, 2005 value % food and drink  £ 78 bn 65 % tobacco  £ 12 bn 10 % non-food grocery  £ 17 bn 14 % non-grocery  £ 12 bn 10 % Total retail sales through UK grocery outlets  £ 120 bn source: IGD Grocery Retailing 2005 Value of sales Continuing the above, we add the fact that through grocery, outlets have increased by 3% per annum in real terms over the last 10 years. This growth reflects rising non-grocery sales and higher average spend (i.e. better quality or ‘premium food, more convenience purchasing etc). UK Grocery Market Performance Grocery market performance. Source: IGD Research 2009 As we can observe from the diagram above, year by year there has been an improvement on the UKs Grocery Market Performance. Some of the multiple reasons that we present here is first the fact that demand and technological trends have reinforced each other. Larger stores with a wider product variety and range have encouraged customers to make larger and less frequent shops. Also, the technological improvements (i.e. checkout scanning, stock control, longer shelf-lives, fresh produce) have further reduced the costs and attracted consumers. Loyalty card schemes have indeed given retailers a new insight into consumer preferences as well as managed to enable them to get more involved into product development. Aggregate Market Share The diagram below shows the larger groceries in UK, according to their share in the domestic market. Tesco currently has a steadily and commanding increasing of slightly more than 30 % share of the non-convenience grocery market in the UK. During the 1990s, Sainsbury and Tesco enjoyed analogous market shares (of 20 to 25 %), however Sainsbury has lost a lot of ground since. Number of employees Employment in food drink retailing exceeded the number 1.2 million of employees in December 2009. This number aproaches almost 5 % of the employees in the UK. Over 60 % of the employees were either part-time or female employees (45 % were both female as well as part-time occupied). Profit Margins Supermarket profit margins range typically between 2% and 6%. According to Food Industry News, (just-food.com, 2010), the beginning of 2010 for the UK grocery retailing group were much improved in comparison with last year. More accurately, there was a 4% rise on grocery sales in relationship with 2009. Group revenue from ABFs (Assosiated British Foods) continuing businesses was 17% ahead of the same period last year. The matrix below shows the sales and the profit margins for the year 2009 for the UK retailers. source: DTI Added Value Scoreboard 2009 Forecast Circumstances look set to remain really challenging for retail throughout 2010. Verdict is forecasting growth of just 1.3% for 2010, the second smallest growth rate, following 2009. Verdict is predicting a low growth in retail sector over the next couple of years, as the impact of the recession continue to be felt by customers. Food inflation continues to ease in Q1 2010, at 1.7%, compared to 8.9% in the same period a year ago. Inflationary pressures are subsiding due to falling commodity prices, less seasonal price fluctuations and price competition within the sector. In fact, we are forecasting food inflation of 1.9% for the year, down from 4.4% in 2009. Major Challenges Establishing an Online Grocery One of the major challenges that food retailing industry is dealing with nowadays is the online grocery market. The Internet grocery market is an extension of the home-shopping philosophy. It is a sector that has already demonstrated considerable growth and that promises further substantial increases in the future. Online grocery sales in the UK are expected to double by 2014, according to researchby industry analystsIGD (just-food.com, 2010). Internet sales across many product sectors have achieved and continue to achieve high annual growth rates in the UK. Indeed, consumers passion for and propensity towards purchasing items online show no sign of abating. Last year, 13% of adults shopped online for groceries an increase of 63% on 2008, according to the IGD data. UK consumers will spend GBP7.2bn on food and grocery shopping online by 2014, nearly double the figure for 2009, IGD supports. For retailers, the online option provides a new channel through which to sell their products, display a wide range of items to their customers and develop their share of what continues to be one of the fa stest-growing sectors of the grocery market. Internet grocery, offers to the consumer, a variety of options and a number of advantages: It enables them to view a wide range of products, to compare prices and to arrange delivery at a convenient time. From the moment that these options and these benefits are appeared to the consuming public, a necessity is created for the food retailing sector and more specific for the large supermarkets to respond to this major challenge. The Internet or online grocery market in the UK is dominated by four of the UKs major supermarket chains Tesco, Sainsburys, ASDA and Waitrose and by a fifth supplier, Ocado, which is a warehouse-based online operation and a partner distributor to Waitrose. Outside of these five major suppliers, the market is mainly populated by a wide range of niche, specialised retailers, many of which offer products that are not always available in the major supermarkets. Apart from the five leading online suppliers, no other supermarket chain in the UK operates in the online grocery market not even Morrisons, which is the fourth-largest supermarket chain by market share. The way UKs retailing sector and its marketers are responding to this major challenge, is -as we have just mentioned- by setting in the front line its Supermarket and hypermarket chains to create a profitable and competitive online grocery. Tesco, leading the online offers in the domestic market, provides a variety of benefits that the customer-member can enjoy. Visiting the companys site (www.tesco.com) we can find not only everything that is related with food-product variety and prices, but also a number of other services (non-food) like books and entertainment, clothing, mobiles and a number of banking and insurance services as well. This way, the consumer can be informed about any price of the product that he is interested on buying and calculate the exact total amount of money needed for his/her supermarket expenses, rather than making an off-hand calculation in the duration of his/her shopping. Also, the non-food services create the feeling of a complete market in which the con sumer can find almost everything. A similar approach is been followed by the other supermarkets too. Another innovative way that the British grocery has invented is the club-card. This card is provided to every customer-member of a specific supermarket, either by registering online or by simply asking to the supermarket to provide him/her one when he/she visits the supermarket for shopping. That way, every time the consumer buys a product, a small amount of money is been credited in his account with the form of points, and after a predetermined period of time -when a number of points is collected-, a letter arrives to his address informing him that he can exchange the number of points with a number of products depended on his decision (i.e. a voucher of 10 pounds for consuming products), or with a number of gifts that the supermarket has decided to provide (i.e. a T.V. set for each consumption of products, valued above 500 pounds ). Home delivery, is another very important benefit of services that the online grocery provides. Throughout a wide variety of products that the consumer can find on the web-site of every online grocery, he can order the desirable products and have them home delivered in an exchange of a small amount of money (usually 4-5 pounds). That way he can save a lot of time from going to the supermarket, waiting in the queue and carry all those bugs to his house. In addition, exclusive research commissioned for this report showed that 17.8% of all respondents purchased groceries via the Internet at least once in a year, with 3.8% making online purchases at least once a week and a further 2.4% making them two or three times a month. One in 20 respondents said they purchased groceries online once a month. However, almost a third of those who said they bought groceries via the Internet agreed that, due to the recession, they had reduced the amount they usually spent on online grocery purchases. The recent focus of the five major online grocers has seen them expand their distribution networks, improve their stock availability levels and enhance the functionality of their websites. However, in the current recession, other factors are now being given more attention particularly price competition between the sites, which is becoming increasingly important. In addition, environmental issues have become more significant. For example, the leading suppliers have introduced measures to reduce the number of plastic bags used for home-delivered orders and to use more fuel-efficient delivery vehicles. As at December 2008, the UK had the fifth-highest number of broadband subscriptions among the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) group of countries (and the third-largest number among the European OECD countries). These high broadband connection rates have enabled the UK to become a leading centre for online sales in general, and for online sales of grocery products in particular. Plans have been outlined to construct a super-fast broadband network across the UK, and this should in turn allow the online grocers to develop new website designs and technologies in order to take advantage of such developments. Key Note forecasts that in the 5 years up to 2013, the UK Internet grocery market will continue to demonstrate high annual rates of market expansion and to account for an increasing proportion of grocery sales overall. The value of the Internet grocery market is projected to more than double by 2013, compared with the size of the market in 2008. Promoting Sales of Healthy Brands Another great challenge for the British food retailing sector -in order to maintain its position, its good reputation but also to increase it is to promote the sales of healthy strong brands. But what is a healthy strong brand and what are the key points for the marketers for energizing a healthy brand? A healthy and strong brand generates more results than just bigger sales. It sustains a product over time through consistency and excellent communication, providing at the same time value to its target customers. It is based on a proposition of genuine substance and value to the target customer. It wins, builds and retains customer loyalty and also maintains its relevance over time by evolving in response to changing customer expectations and perceptions. It creates a competitive advantage, increases the profitability of the business and also it is consistent with the business strategy. It provides a protective for growth strategies but also tries and most of the times succeeds to become a barrier for new entrants or substitutes to the market. Ways of succeeding some of the above goals we are providing to the following paragraphs. Trust is one of the drivers of brand credibility. Its an intangible that overrides the importance of any product, service or experience. Yet, as we have mentioned in the beginning (the latest years most of the industry and service sectors worldwide have lost their reliability on customers confidence), trust has eroded. In order for a company to gain customer trust is first of all to be simple and dont give great promises that could be proved untrue or impossible to be realised. Of course every promise must be kept. Going forward, trust is growing in importance, to become one of the most important and sustainable competitive advantages an organisation can own. If a brand and its marketers follow that strategy combining with being close to the customers, the long term affects could be unpredictably well. Adding value to the brand is in our opinion also a major factor to the sales promotion of a healthy brand and in order to achieve this we need what we call innovation. Imagining and creating new value requires seeing what others dont. In a food retailing sector, innovation could be achieved either by influencing or shaping the companys vision, or to inspire to come up with a new business concept, an entirely new venture, or a new brand. vale edo mia kainotomia ton supermarket morrisson. Other innovative ways could also be the addition of a new product, service or experience for a certain customer segment or the effort to speak the language of those consumers already â€Å"living† a trend so they can produce new products adjusted to the new trends and needs. The goal of any organisation is to create sustainable competitive differentiation, by providing to customers what they value and want in ways that others cant. One way to beat competition, according to Kim and Mauborgne in their book Blue Ocean Strategy, is to stop trying to beat the competition. Instead, create uncontested market space to create and capture new demand. Thereby, the competition becomes irrelevant. The classic example of creating a blue ocean (referenced in their book) is Cirque du Soleil. From a group of 20 street performers in 1984, Cirque is now a major artistic entertainment company delighting almost 90 million spectators a year. The company looked at traditional circus acts like Ringling Brothers and transformed them into â€Å"Broadway meets artistic music and dance† experiences. While increasing customer value and ticket prices, they simultaneously eliminated the largest cost items of the circus, including the star performers and animal shows. This is an extremely good example of how health brand marketers managed to create an uncontested market space. Finally, we can support that the more you know about your customers as real people looking beyond their obvious needs to their hopes, dreams, fears and challenges the more you can help them achieve. In return, you will have customers who become enthusiastic fans of your organisation. The most significant method that should be used to achieve this is through the social media and its ways. Social media has really changed the way brands are connecting with their customers. More and more companies are starting to realize the value of social media and are quickly adapting this new form of communication. However in order to have a successful social media strategy, it is important to have an internal culture that is ready to accept and learn. Some effective ways to achieve social media method are the following: 1.Internal engagement. Internal engagement gives employees, the ones who power your brand, the chance to shine. One of the best examples is Best Buy Connect. Best Buy has been a brand at the forefront of social media, using blogs, social networking tools, forums, and video to build brand awareness and keep consumers up-to-date with Best Buy News. Best Buy has given people a platform to share and discuss technology and tech-related products. In this platform, someone can find â€Å"Product Discussions† and discuss topics like Computers, TV, Gaming, Appliances, Audio, Cameras, iPods, Mobile Devices and more. They also have a section for â€Å"Customer Service†, â€Å"Reward Points†, and â€Å"Meet the Moderators†; who by the way take the time to make sure the forum is a stimulating environment where there are valuable conversations. 2. Collaboration. Another very important technique is to create mechanisms for customers to influence your products and services. The best example here is Dells IdeaStorm. Through this innovative website-idea of Dell the visitors-customers of the website can view all the posted ideas from the community, post their ideas for Dell products or services, promote or demote ideas by voting, or seen their ideas become a reality by sending them to authorised people of the company who examine them and if there are eligible they make them true. By surfing a little bit on the web-site, we found some amazing informations like that people who where participating to this web-site have contributed 11,790 ideas, theyve posted 84,546 comments and the site has been promoted 667,054 times. Most important, Dell has implemented 337 ideas based on customer input.This web-site provides a real contact with the customer. It is a web-site where everybodys ideas reign. 3. Authenticity. Hear we provide an excellent example where Mayo Clinic (One of the best clinics in the USA) keep their customers (old people in this specific example) happy by buying them a piano. In the video that we are referencing, someone can really see the happiness on their faces when the old couple is playing the piano. 4. Feedback. Some companies lately have created a site that really communicates with the customers. An expert daily replies to a number of customers through twitter or other similar methods where he really helps them with any kind of problems that they have or answer to any possible question. ComcastCares is a very good example to describe such a situation. 5. Participation. My Starbucks Idea is a web-site that Starbucks has created where they have pursuit their customers that they know better than anyone else what they want from Starbucks. There, people are able to share their ideas, express what they think of other peoples ideas and join the discussions. Finally experiences (create new ways of delivering experiences that fit with their lifestyles), conduit (allowing customers to share with each other through you rather than driven by you) and sharing (allow customers to share their ratings) are some supplementary methods that can be considered as effective ways to achieve social media method. Summary-Conclusion As we have seen so far, there has been a significant effort with a variety of ways -by the food retailing sector in Britain- to attract their customer confidence again. In our opinion, the approach that overrules every other method is the fact that the new strategy includes the customer as a real part of the organisation or the sector. This new era, sets the customer in the top of the pyramid making him the one who takes the basic decisions of what he really needs and giving then the green light to the companies to make it true. When people feel like they matter to the company, and when you engage them in ways they value and want, theyll matter more about you. This way, company and customers are acting no more individually and rivalry to each other. On the contrary, they move hand by hand on the same side of the river trying to accomplish the best outcome for both of them. Once again, the forecast predicts rise tade% until 2015 Finally, if the online grocery continuous this way, it will give more push to the top